Devt of Rectum and Anal canal
- Embryological origins – rectum and anal canal development from the pre-allantoic and post-allantoic hindgut, with the role of the urorectal septum.
- Division of the cloaca – endodermal and ectodermal contributions, cloacal membrane, and formation of the pectinate line as a key junction.
- Clinical correlations – links between embryology and arterial, venous, and lymphatic drainage patterns.
- Developmental anomalies – conditions such as rectovaginal fistula and other congenital disorders explained with clinical relevance.